India & China, economic partners, political opponents

Can economic partnership and political opposition go hand in hand?

In 2020, India imposed restrictions on FDI from countries sharing a land border, primarily to prevent Chinese firms from acquiring stakes in Indian companies. This month the government eased some of these rules through an amendment to Press Note 3 (2026). This raises a larger question about India’s relationship with China.

Consider the global trade environment, particularly the renewed tariff disruptions associated with Donald Trump. India has responded to the need to diversify exports by accelerating free trade agreements with the EU and the UK. Alongside deteriorating US–China ties, this strengthens the prospects of a “China plus one” strategy, where production shifts partially away from China to countries like India.

Global production today is fragmented across borders. India’s manufacturing sector has lagged in integrating with global value chains compared to other developing economies. Meanwhile, China’s industrial structure is evolving. Rising labour costs are pushing it towards higher-value production, leaving space in labour-intensive segments. Capturing these opportunities requires technology, skills and supply-chain integration — areas where Chinese investment can play a catalytic role.

Geopolitics is accelerating this shift. Supply chains are being reorganised as firms diversify production away from China. This presents an opening for India. Chinese FDI can help relocate segments of production while preserving existing supply-chain linkages.

China also faces a structural overcapacity problem. Manufacturing output exceeds domestic demand, making exports essential. However, resistance to these exports is growing. The US and EU have imposed tariffs and regulatory barriers in sectors where Chinese output is seen as excessive. China’s trade partners in other developing countries are also wary of its exports.

Outward investment is one response. By setting up production overseas, Chinese firms can bypass export barriers (while achieving some local value added in host countries) and retain access to global markets. This pattern is already visible. Following the 2018 US tariffs, countries such as Vietnam saw a simultaneous rise in exports to the US and inflows of Chinese FDI.

There is a clear complementarity between FDI and trade. India needs scale, technology and integration into supply chains; Chinese firms need new production bases and market access. If managed transparently, both can benefit.

There is also a macroeconomic dimension. China’s persistent trade surplus reflects excess savings over domestic investment. These surpluses must be deployed abroad, either through exports or capital flows. Encouraging outward FDI from China is one way to ease global imbalances without intensifying trade conflicts.

Concerns about strategic dependence are valid but must be weighed against existing realities. India already depends heavily on Chinese imports, particularly in pharmaceuticals, electronics and industrial inputs. All past non-tariff barriers and anti-dumping actions have not prevented these imports. This is mainly because the imports in both pharma and electronics are the basis of India’s growing exports of these items. Similarly, Chinese power sector imports enable Indian firms to generate low cost power for consumers. Allowing Chinese firms to produce these intermediates within India could reduce import dependence while expanding domestic production. Domestic production via FDI offers greater regulatory oversight than imports.

Firms are, however, unlikely to relocate production without sufficient ownership to protect technology and quality. This often requires high equity stakes. In the past slow relaxation of FDI limits via periodic Press Notes has been the practice. This should continue given that existing FDI policies already provide safeguards.

Even when Trump leaves office, it is unlikely that US trade policy will change dramatically. It may be noted that even former president Joe Biden did not radically alter the protective tariffs imposed by Trump in his first term. Given also that the old “political cold war” between the West and the erstwhile Soviet Union has ended and been replaced by the new “economic cold war” with China, trade strategies must be amended. India too must follow suit if it wants to become the new economic power horse.

Can economic partnership and political opposition go hand in hand? It can and the clearest example is US-China today. Despite clear political differences, both China and the US have made it clear that they need to cooperate in economic circles. In fact, some commentators have argued that Chinese investors may well help to improve the India-China political relationship.

Pant is visiting professor, Shiv Nadar University. Rahul is assistant professor, Institute of Economic Growth